Watch: Spacecraft Dock With Space Station Outside Earth Is Just Mind-boggling

The International Space Station (ISS), a remarkable achievement in modern engineering and global collaboration, relies on precise spacecraft docking operations to sustain its ongoing human presence. Docking involves the alignment and connection of spacecraft with the ISS, utilising advanced technology and adhering to the principles of physics. Whether for temporary or semi-permanent connections, the ISS features five docking ports, each equipped with an IDS transmitter to streamline the docking procedure.

Initiating the docking sequence starts with a precisely coordinated approach called a rendezvous, where spacecraft employ radar-based systems and rendezvous antennas to navigate towards the ISS. When in proximity, the docking mechanism, like the NASA Docking System (NDS) utilised by the Boeing Starliner, is activated. This standardized mechanism, developed by Boeing, is also slated for deployment on the Orion spacecraft.

Cargo transporters follow a unique process, being captured by the ISS’s robotic arm and then manually berthed to prevent potential damage. In contrast, manned spacecraft, exemplified by SpaceX’s Dragon, undergo a computer-controlled docking process, prioritizing safety and precision.

The docking mechanism comprises a probe on the incoming module engaging with a drogue on the ISS. The docking sequence involves a soft initial contact, followed by load attenuation, culminating in a firmly docked position, establishing a secure and airtight structural connection. The Russian segment employs the SSVP-G4000 system, or Russian probe and drogue, facilitating docking for spacecraft like Soyuz and Progress. Meanwhile, the US segment utilizes the Common Berthing Mechanism for berthing operations, requiring assistance from the station’s robotic arm.

Docking and berthing extend beyond mere spacecraft connection; they play a crucial role in crew transfer, resupply missions, and the assembly and upkeep of the ISS. As of December 22, 2023, the ISS accommodated four spacecraft: SpaceX’s Dragon Endurance crew spacecraft, the Soyuz MS-24 crew ship, and the Progress 85 and 86 resupply ships. In January, the Axiom-3 crew arrived aboard another Dragon spacecraft.

The ongoing evolution of space exploration hinges on these intricate docking procedures, adapting and advancing with emerging technologies and spacecraft innovations.